France Between the Legacy of Charles de Gaulle and the Vision of Emmanuel Macron: Toward a New Strategic Balance

France Between the Legacy of Charles de Gaulle and the Vision of Emmanuel Macron: Toward a New Strategic Balance

The End of Certainty and the Advent of a Turbulent International System in 2026

Dr. Khalid Hashem / University of Anbar / College of Political Science

The year 2026 does not appear to be merely a passing turning point in history; rather, it can be viewed as a phase in which the features of transformation itself intersect

Analytical Reading of China’s Rise and Its Competition with the United States: John Mearsheimer’s Perspective

Analytical Reading of China’s Rise and Its Competition with the United States: John Mearsheimer’s Perspective

Dr. Khalid Hashim Mohammed, a lecturer at the College of Political Science, published an academic article entitled “A Reading of John Mearsheimer’s Recent Analysis of China’s Superiority over the United States” on Baghdad Policy Review.

Railways as a Vital Means of Transportation in Iraq

 Railways as a Vital Means of Transportation in Iraq

Railways are considered one of the most important means of transportation in the world, and in Iraq, they represent a vital artery for development. Railway transport constitutes one of the fundamental infrastructures of the national economy through its contribution to the GDP of the transport sector. Iraq witnessed its first tramway line in 1869, established by the Ottoman governor Midhat Pasha in cooperation with the Baghdad–Kadhimiya Tramway Company. At that time, horses were used to pull the wagons, which were known as “al-Kari.”